Double Oscillator: Difference between revisions

Double Oscillator
State dimension:	1
Differential states:	4
Discrete control functions:	1

Latest revision as of 10:43, 28 November 2025

The Double Oscillator problem is a benchmark in constrained optimal control illustrating the control of coupled mechanical systems with damping and stiffness effects. This description is taken from [1].

It consists of two masses connected by springs and a damper, with one mass directly influenced by an external periodic force and the other influenced indirectly through the coupling and a controlled damping term. Both the state trajectory $x (\cdot)$ and the control $u (\cdot)$ are decision variables. The aim is to minimise a quadratic cost that balances state deviations and control effort, subject to input constraints and the system dynamics.

Mathematical formulation

$\begin{array}{lll} \min_{u} & \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} (x_{0} (t)^{2} + x_{1} (t)^{2} + u (t)^{2}) d t \\ subject to \\ \dot{x_{0}} (t) & = & x_{2} (t), \\ \dot{x_{1}} (t) & = & x_{3} (t), \\ \dot{x_{2}} (t) & = & - \frac{k_{1} + k_{2}}{m_{1}} \cdot x_{0} + \frac{k_{2}}{m_{1}} \cdot x_{1} + \frac{1}{m_{1}} \sin (\frac{2 π}{T} \cdot t), \\ \dot{x_{3}} (t) & = & \frac{k_{2}}{m_{2}} x_{0} (t) - \frac{k_{2}}{m_{2}} x_{1} (t) - \frac{c (1 - u)}{m_{2}} x_{3} (t), \\ x_{0} (0) & = & 0, \\ x_{1} (0) & = & 0, \\ u (t) & \in & [- 1, 1] \forall t \in [0, T] \end{array}$

The control $u$ modulates the damping of the second mass.

Parameters

These fixed values are used within the model:

Symbol	Value	Description
$m_{1}$	100 $k g$	First mass directly affected by $F (t)$
$m_{2}$	2 $k g$	Second mass influenced by damping control
$k_{1}$	100 $N / m$	Spring connecting first mass to reference
$k_{2}$	3 $N / m$	Coupling spring between the two masses
$c$	0.5 $N s / m$	Damping affecting second mass
$T$	$2 π$	Duration of the motion

Reference Solutions

Here is one local solution to the above control problem.

Reference solution plots
States and discretized control for a local optimum.

Miscellaneous and Further Reading

This formulation and a detailed description can be found in [1].

References

[1] Caillau, J.-B., Cots, O., Gergaud, J., & Martinon, P. OptimalControlProblems.jl: a collection of optimal control problems with ODE's in Julia. https://github.com/control-toolbox/OptimalControlProblems.jl/blob/main/ext/Descriptions/double_oscillator.md

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 }}
-The '''Double Oscillator problem''' is a benchmark in constrained optimal control illustrating the control of coupled mechanical systems with damping and stiffness effects. This description is taken from [[#OCPjl | [1]]]
+The '''Double Oscillator problem''' is a benchmark in constrained optimal control illustrating the control of coupled mechanical systems with damping and stiffness effects. This description is taken from [[#OCPjl | [1]]].
 It consists of two masses connected by springs and a damper, with one mass directly influenced by an external periodic force and the other influenced indirectly through the coupling and a controlled damping term.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 <math>
   \begin{array}{lll}
-  \displaystyle \min_{u} && \frac{1}{2}\int_0^T \left( x_0(t)^2 + x_1(t)^2 + u(t)^2 \right) \\
+  \displaystyle \min_{u} && \frac{1}{2}\int_0^T \left( x_0(t)^2 + x_1(t)^2 + u(t)^2 \right) \mathrm{d}t \\
   \text{subject to} \\
 \quad \dot{x_0}(t) & = & x_2(t),\\
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 \quad \dot{x_2}(t) & = & - \frac{k_1 + k_2}{m_1} \cdot x_0 + \frac{k_2}{m_1} \cdot x_1 + \frac{1}{m_1} \sin\left(\frac{2\pi}{T} \cdot t\right), \\
 \quad \dot{x_3}(t) & = &  \frac{k_2}{m_2} x_0(t) - \frac{k_2}{m_2} x_1(t) - \frac{c(1-u)}{m_2} x_3(t), \\
+\quad x_0(0) &=& 0, \\
 \quad x_1(0) &=& 0, \\
-\quad x_2(0) &=& 0, \\
+\quad u(t) & \in & [-1, 1] \ \quad \forall t \in [0,T]
-\quad u(t) & \in & [-1, 1] \ \quad \forall t \in [0,t_f]
    \end{array}
 </math>
 </p>
+The control <math>u</math> modulates the damping of the second mass.
 == Parameters ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 ! Symbol !! Value !! Description
 |-
-| align=center | <math>x_0</math> || align=right | 1 || Initial particle position
+| align=center | <math>m_1</math> || align=right | 100 <math>\mathrm{kg}</math> || First mass directly affected by <math>F( t )</math>
 |-
-| align=center | <math>x_f</math> || align=right | 2 ||  Final particle position
+| align=center | <math>m_2</math> || align=right | 2 <math>\mathrm{kg}</math>||  Second mass influenced by damping control
 |-
-| align=center | <math>\alpha</math> || align=right | -0.75 || Nonlinear coefficient
+| align=center | <math>k_1</math> || align=right | 100 <math>\mathrm{N/m}</math>|| Spring connecting first mass to reference
+|-
+| align=center | <math>k_2</math> || align=right | 3 <math>\mathrm{N/m}</math>|| Coupling spring between the two masses
+|-
+| align=center | <math>c</math> || align=right | 0.5 <math>\mathrm{Ns/m}</math>|| Damping affecting second mass
 |-
-| align=center | <math>c</math> || align=right | 1 || Damping coefficient
+| align=center | <math>T</math> || align=right | <math>2 \pi</math> || Duration of the motion
 |}
@@ Line 48: / Line 54: @@
 Here is one local solution to the above control problem.
-<gallery caption="Reference solution plots" widths="180px" heights="140px" perrow="1">
+<gallery caption="Reference solution plots" widths="500px" heights="300px" perrow="1">
-  Image:Dielectrophoretic_Particle.png| States and discretized control for a local optimum. The control <math>t_f</math> represents the scaling of the time interval, where the base time interval is [0,5].
+  Image:Double_Oscillator.png| States and discretized control for a local optimum.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 56: / Line 62: @@
 == References ==
-<span id="OCPjl">[1]</span> Caillau, J.-B., Cots, O., Gergaud, J., & Martinon, P. OptimalControlProblems.jl: a collection of optimal control problems with ODE's in Julia. https://github.com/control-toolbox/OptimalControlProblems.jl/blob/main/ext/Descriptions/dielectrophoretic_particle.md<br>
+<span id="OCPjl">[1]</span> Caillau, J.-B., Cots, O., Gergaud, J., & Martinon, P. OptimalControlProblems.jl: a collection of optimal control problems with ODE's in Julia. https://github.com/control-toolbox/OptimalControlProblems.jl/blob/main/ext/Descriptions/double_oscillator.md<br>
 [[Category:MIOCP]]
 [[Category:ODE model]]